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Personal contact can now be made worldwide without delay. The Internet has become the basis for exchanging knowledge and experience, even providing amateur observers with access to scientiп¬Ѓc data п¬Ѓles. Classical photography has been superseded by video astronomy and CCD-systems. Methods used by amateur astronomers have changed signiп¬Ѓcantly in recent years. Typesetting and Production: le-tex publishing services GmbH, Leipzig, Germany Cover Design: WMXDesign, Heidelberg Printed on acid-free paper Springer is part of Springer Science+Business Media (Preface With amateurs, students and teachers of astronomy in high schools and colleges particularly in mind, the Handbook of Practical Astronomy comprises an essential source of current trends in astronomy and examines the broad variety of astronomical observations.

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in this publication does not imply, even in the absence of a speciп¬Ѓc statement, that such names are exempt from the relevant protective laws and regulations and therefore free for general use. The use of general descriptive names, registered names, trademarks, etc. Violations are liable for prosecution under the German Copyright Law. Duplication of this publication or parts thereof is permitted only under the provisions of the German Copyright Law of September 9, 1965, in its current version, and permission for use must always be obtained from Springer. All rights are reserved, whether the whole or part of the material is concerned, speciп¬Ѓcally the rights of translation, reprinting, reuse of illustrations, recitation, broadcasting, reproduction on microп¬Ѓlm or in any other way, and storage in data banks. ISBN 978-7-2 e-ISBN 978-9-6 DOI 10.1007/978-9-6 Springer Dordrecht Heidelberg London New York Library of Congress Control Number: 2008944087 В© Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg 2009 This work is subject to copyright. This book is a completely revised and updated edition of the Compendium of Practical Astronomy, published in 1994 at Springer-Verlag.Д¬over photo: Copyright by Franz Xaver Kohlhauf. Roth UlrichstraГџe 43a Irschenhausen 82057 Icking/Isartal Germany

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